Bovine Growth Hormones

In the last century there has been a lot of increased research in science which has greatly influenced our daily life. Introduction of new technologies like the recombinant DNA technology has led to new developments in the agricultural, pharmaceutical and molecular biology. It is possible to produce proteins in organisms where they are not originally produced through recombinant DNA technology. A gene sequence is incorporated in an organism capable of reproducing fast to allow production of large volumes of the protein for example bacteria.Hormones like insulin are produced this way while others that have a lot of influence in the physiological functions on humans and animals are produced synthetically for example Bovine hormone which is given to dairy cows in order to increase milk production. Bovine Growth Hormone The pituitary glands of cows naturally produce the hormone bovine somatotropin (bST) that is responsible for production of milk in cows. Some of the bST hormone reaches t he liver while in circulation and stimulates production of insulin like growth factor one (IGF-1).Combination of these two hormones leads to increased degradation of fats for energy and also prevents mammary glands cell death. The increased fat degradation is thought to be reason behind increased milk production. Due to advancement in science it was made possible to synthetically produce this hormone by recombinant DNA technology. The Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) which was the first genetically engineered animal drug produced by Monsanto in 1994 which is one of the largest biotechnology companies in the world.The hormone is injected to the cows even when the produce enough bovine somatotropin which puts the animal at risk because two hormones with the same purpose will be involved. Introduction of this hormone to dairy farmers was faced with a lot of controversy because it was shown to have health hazards to human beings who take milk from cows injected with this hormone . Monsanto went ahead to introduce the rBGH though with a lot of opposition from farmers and the public.This hormone was shown to increase reproduction of cows by about 25%. In the process the health and reproduction of the cows decreases from the effect of the rBGH. It was criticized by many industrialized nations because they thought that it would cause negative effects on humans. It was later proved that this hormone had drastic effects on cattle and also on humans. Independent research was done by organizations like the consumers union, cancer prevention coalition and other international governments like the Canadian government.All these organizations found out that milk from a cow injected with rBGH hormone contained high amounts of potent cancer tumor promoter IGF-1 and could also be absorbed through the gastro intestinal tract thereby leading to immunological effects . Absorption of this hormone to the body also influences cancer accelerating hormone Insulin like Growth Facto r – 1(IGF-1) that leads to abnormal growth of cells (malignant cells) which causes the major cancers like breast and prostrate cancers.. Monsanto had attempted to cover up all these negative effects on humans and cows.This was facilitated by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Agriculture who went ahead licensing the rBGH and other genetically engineered organisms without the necessary safety test. Some of the journalist from Fox company who tried to air the Monsanto story fairly and honestly. The journalist had reported about the rBGH hormone and the possible health hazards to people who take milk and beef from cows injected with this hormone. were dismissed from the broadcasting company without any definite reasons.It was therefore evident that Monsanto was out to make huge profits without concern if their products were safe enough to be utilized in animals and the subsequent shift to humans through milk and beef. Conclusion The increased provision of f unds for research has led to more discoveries and development of new scientific products. However, whenever a new product is developed it is the responsibility of developer to carry out critical safety tests to avoid endangering the lives of many people. Each and every technological innovation has its advantages and disadvantages.Once a new product is introduced all the pros and cons of that product should be addressed accordingly. It is also the responsibility of each state to ensure that all new products developed in that state are safe and should not hesitate to take legal actions if the product is capable of threatening life. References Nina, R. Food safety: a reference handbook. 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO, 2007 Lisa, N. science and social context: the regulation of recombinant bovine growth hormone in North America. McGill- Queen’s Press–MQUP, 2002. Bernice, Z. Issues and Dilemma of Biotechnology: a reference guide. 2nd edition. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

A Mixed Type

Everybody study hard for being successful in their business lifes. They have to finish their grades to graduate and to play role in business show. There is no need to say it is the matter of earning money for surviving. But we must also say that it is the rule: the more you work hard the more you earn. We can also say the information era has made the people work harder and learn much more knowledge since two decades. They find themselves in a manner of learning, searching and getting more information while they have to work harder in order to succeed in business life. The word â€Å"businestudentman† is used to describe the people who work while they are studying. So the businestudentman was born in such conditions which had covered his life. Moreover the economic problems are the key effect to the way which make the students to be a businestudentman. The problematic starts with the personal feelings of a businestudentman. He would never classify himself in his whole life as a student nor a worker. Because of his position is being changed in his environmental society he always have to live the diffucilties of this dilemma. This situation often makes him confused while playing his society roles. Acting as a student or as a worker is not properly being applied during this period. For instance, he can not accept an invitation to a gathering after school because of the necessity for going to work. On the contrary he can not find leisure time to play cards with his colleagues during the lunch-break because he must go to school. Especially if he lives in such a beautiful city like Istanbul, he has to work at the afternoons so that he can not attend to a meeting which is arranged by his school friends nearby the Bosphorus in spring months There are also some advantages of being a businestudentman. Taking into his hands of his economical freedom, he has a charming status beyond his schoolmates. He can offer meals to his schoolmates, pay the bills and act as a boss in front of them. Sometimes it would be harmful for his budget but the students like this kind of helpful friends who make them feel better. Also he would be an idol for his friends because of achieving both status. They think there are lots of things to learn from the businestudentman which will be useful for their future. Despite the fact that a businestudentman can not entirely feel and live his both status, having had the determination to be successful in playing both his roles and indispensability of the survival of such competitional challenges, his maintainability takes the most effective part of his personality for the businestudentman. So that he has strong personality with good merit and moral values which make himself as a sample in the society. As in the phrase emphasized â€Å"You can not teach an old dog new tricks†, the businestudentman is like the young dog who finds himself earlier against the diffulties of a man’s life.

Managing medical error disclosure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing medical error disclosure - Essay Example Incidence of medical errors has been on the increase (Mazor et al 2006). Medical errors are also called euphemistically as adverse events. A report titled â€Å"To Err is Human† had talked about frequency of medical error about a decade ago (Levinson, 2009). In spite of high incidence of serious medical errors, there had been no guidelines from professional bodies as to how to deal with medical errors until a few years ago (Bratton, 2007). Disclosing medical error to the patient has been high on the agenda of ethical practitioners in the medical profession contrary to what time and again insurance companies and their attorneys have advised against disclosure (Guadagnino, 2005). Medical error is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has estimated the related costs at $ 29 billion (Rajendran, 2001). Medical errors are not necessarily related to an individual’s negligence. It can be due to systemic deficiencies (Howe, 2000). Medical errors are so rampant that they are now considered a public health issue endangering safety of patients. Medical error had been recognized as early as in mid 1950s. But there had been no change in medical practice until recent times aimed at avoiding them. For example, in the case of tonsillectomy debated for the past more than two decades as an unnecessary procedure , it was only after the public scandal involving death of children during early 1970, that the medical profession woke up to the realty (Millenson, 2002). There are more than one million adverse events which end up in 44,000 to 98,000 patient deaths in the U.S. (Basanta, 2003).However much the efforts are being taken to avoid medical errors, it has not been possible to totally eradicate them as they are now daily routine to be confronted with by the health industry as whole at some place or other. Hence, in order to put the patients and their relatives at ease, the policy makers have made

Macroeconomic Case Analysis using article Essay

Macroeconomic Case Analysis using article - Essay Example India is classified as low-income economy1 as per The World Bank although India's huge population results in a per capita income of $3700 at PPP and $820 at nominal. The economy is sizzling due to booming investment and consumption. According to survey of 32 countries by Grant Thornton, a London-based accounting firm, Indian businessmen were the most upbeat. Indians are rightly proud of the huge global success of firms such as Infosys, or of Tata Steel's 5.8 billion ($11.3 billion) acquisition of Britain's Corus this week. Reserve Bank governor Yaga Venugopal Reddy has flagged the possibility that the Indian economy may be overheating2. In other words demand is outpacing supply and hence the pace of growth is unsustainable. Wholesale price of oil inflation has risen to 6%, which is above the 5.5% upper limit set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The crude average of the rates for industrial, non-manual and agricultural workers is above 7%. Capacity utilization is higher than at any time in the past decade. The most recent trade data suggest that the rapid deterioration in the trade deficit since H1 2004 is stabilizing and portfolio flows only account for 35 per cent of total capital flows and one of the main determinants is GDP growth. The bank expects the balance of payments to improve in FY06 / 07 and has revised its dollar: rupee forecast to 43-43.5 from 44.53. Credit boom has concerned The RBI also. Bank lending to firms and households has expanded by 30% over the past year. Lending on commercial property is up by 84% and home mortgages by 32%. India's stock market is one of the merging world's most expensive, with a price-earnings ratio of more than 20; this shows rising more than fourfold over the past four years. Asset prices are also rising. In many big cities house prices have more than doubled over the past two years. RBI raised its overnight lending rate by a quarter-point to 7.5%, but left the reverse repo rate at 6%. Over the past couple of years interest rates have risen by less than the rate of inflation, so in real terms they have fallen. When demand outpaces supply in an open economy it is more likely to show up in a current-account deficit than in inflation. India's deficit widened to more than 3% of GDP in the three months to September-a huge swing from a surplus of almost 4% in the first half of 2004. And the true gap between domestic demand and supply is even bigger. According to Yaga Venugopal Reddy, the RBI'S governor, India's current-account deficit is larger once you exclude the money sent home by Indians abroad. Although these remittances do not reflect domestic demand or supply, but are more like a capital inflow. Excluding workers' remittances, India's deficit is running close to 5% of GDP-larger than the equivalent deficit during India's balance-of-payments crisis in the early 1990s. the Economist is making a political judgment: "The economic reforms of the early 1990s spurred competition, forced firms to become more productive and boosted India's trend-or sustainable-rate of growth. But the

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points - Essay Example He is particularly renowned for his fourteen points that developed a basis to the end of the war and the post World War I era. This paper explores the success Woodrow’s fourteen points and the points’ achievements. Overview of Woodrow’s fourteen points Woodrow’s fourteen points was a proclamation towards the end of the First World War. Having come just a few months away from the ultimate end of the war and their provisions that aimed at attaining a peaceful world indicate significance of the points in the consequently achieved peace. The fourteen points’ principles can be explored in three categories. The first category, consisting of initial five points, was general and concerned â€Å"international liberalism and free trade† (Rossini and Shugaar, p. 63). The points included a public approach to agreements towards international peace as opposed to private treaties, provision for freedom of navigation across international waters, elimination of trade barriers and equality in international trade, and appeal for disarmament. He also called for fair distribution of colonies (Yale, p. 1). Points that called for resolution of disputes over some territories followed these.

What is a small power Is international development a different issue Essay

What is a small power Is international development a different issue for small powers - Essay Example China's economy, culture, science and technology and navigation had reached a peak that was unequaled anywhere else in the world. Its skilled navigators and the "Silk Road" linking western China with western Asia had introduced advanced Chinese technology and civilization to Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the Middle West Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Years of war and long periods of centralized ruling and a closing down of borders have slowed down China's development. China re-emerged recently as the fastest growing economy in the world. The development goals of China are not without its challenges and this paper seeks to explore different challenges facing China with regard to challenges. Cultural Revolution began in the mid-1960s in China. With the start of this revolution many people started having radical leftist thinking. Initially, intellectual achievement and foreign ideas, and the professions, including management, were not considered important. Formal management education was hard to find in China and those having a yearning for managerial education were discouraged. Social, political, and economic changes have brought about new development in the republic of China. Initially problems like poverty, illiteracy, and premature mortality haunted China because of the feudal structure of the society. Progress and development were not the key features of this society. Land reforms started in the 1950s and 1960s brought some changes in the society with the help of modernization. Class and gender inequalities that existed before started diminishing with the passage of time. Though China opened up itself to many Western concepts but the way different concepts have been adopted and used in China differ a lot from the West. The change was initiated but it could not be sustained at the level it was initiated. The Chinese Communist Party has not been able to shun the values and influence of feudal background. Population & Development In any discussion of the world population problem, China is usually first country mentioned, along, perhaps, with India. As the first nation with more than 1 billion people, China's impact on its own as well as global economy and environment promises to become larger with each passing year. Population explosion has been the biggest concern of China with respect to its development. As the population increased the demands on the infrastructure and the environment also increased. It has been estimated that China's population will increase to 1.5 billion by 2030 causing extra strains on the capacity of the environment and natural resources. "China's population will continue to grow in the next 40 years as a result of its huge base of fertile population. It is well known that the dynamics are determined not only by the current levels of fertility, mortality and migration, but also by previous levels of these components of change, which effect the current age-gender structure" (Shen, 1998). Problems of living space for families, access to potable water resources, health, education and many other issues come up as a result of unbridled population explosion. Pace of modernization has been greatly affected by population pressure. The immense employment pressure also results because of increase in the working population. Unemployment thus becomes another challenge. Despite growing population efforts have been made to curtail the problems that crop

Animal Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animal Rights - Essay Example It is important to consider in a critical fashion whether they have substantially offered a clear point to convince us of what they claim that we have moral or ethical responsibilities towards animals and that we need to shift to vegetarianism. Michael Pollan essentially believes that we have moral or ethical responsibilities towards animals. This evident in his point of view when he tries to argue that it is just fine to consume meat from animals for as long as humans must implement the entire process with consciousness, ceremony and respect that these concerned animals deserve (Pollan). In other words, Polan believes that animals have certain rights as well, knowing that his point reveals the fundamental treatment that animals may potentially deserve even if they are the kind solely intended for human consumption. Pollan is trying to imply that animals which might be primarily meant for meat on the table are still deserving of the appropriate treatment from humans. If there is what we call a humane treatment for humans, Pollan is trying to suggest a significant and similar action as counterpart on animals. This makes him a not so conservative advocate as far as the claim against animal consumption is concerned, but his points will give us enough understanding that humans have essential moral or ethical obligations towards animals. However, Pollan’s point is not so strong to lead us to a vegetarian lifestyle. On the contrary, Tom Regan is so strong with his sheer stand, that just like humans, animals have positive interests too. He remarkably creates a more philosophical argument in this claim, by defining what it means to be human, linking it to the point of defining human interest at its broadest term. One of his remarkable examples that is compelling and worthy of a response is the point that infants are humans too, but if being able to express through words might prove humans to have that positive interests they deserve, then infants who are not cap able of using words might turn out to be like animals too that based on the human standards, are not able to use words, logic and higher form of thinking (Regan). Therefore, it is not safe to argue that expression is such a fundamental basis of the human right and the thing that makes individuals superior to animals. Even though animals are not able to express, but Regan believes that they too also have corresponding rights just as what infants deserve. Regan therefore is trying to emphasize the point that animals have the basic right to survive, which is technically the essence of their positive interests. Unlike Pollan, Regan is more serious in his view to promote the idea that animals’ interests should prevail, implying therefore that vegetarianism is the right way to take for the humanity. â€Å"The question of the obligatoriness of vegetarianism, in other words, can arise only if and when the animals we eat are the kind of beings who have interests† (Regan). Final ly, just like Regan, Harriet Schleifer provides some remarkable arguments in order to convince the humanity that killing animals for our consumption is unethical. Schleifer has the same idea with Regan, acknowledging the thought that animals have the basic right they deserve, and that is the right to have their lives. In

Leonhard Euler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leonhard Euler - Essay Example Nevertheless, aided by his phenomenal memory he continued to publish his results by dictating them† (Weisstein) .This paper briefly explains the life and contributions of Leonhard Euler Euler was born on 15 April 1707 in Basel, Switzerland and died on 18 September 1783 at St. Pietersburg in Russia. During his life span he has rewritten or modified some of the established principles in Mathematics and Physics. Euler started his formal education in Basel, and at the age of thirteen he enrolled at the University of Basel. He got his Master degree in Philosophy in 1723 for his comparative study of the philosophies of Descartes and Newton. Even at the time of attending his Master degree classes, he got part time lessons from famous Physicist of that time Johann Bernoulli. In fact Bernoulli was instrumental in shaping the prowess of Euler. Even though, Euler was interested in studying theology at this point of time, Bernoulli convinced his father and prepared the way for converting Euler as a great scientist as we know (OConnor and Robertson). â€Å"Eulers health problems began in 1735 when he had a severe fever and almost lost his life. However, he kept this news from his parents and members of the Bernoulli family back in Basel until he had recovered† (OConnor and Robertson). Euler left Basel and arrived in St Petersburg on 17 May 1727. He joined the St Petersburg academy of science which helped him immensely in polishing his ideas in Physics and Mathematics. On 7 January 1734, Euler married Katharina Gsell. He had 13 children even though only five of them survived the childhood. Euler spent most of his adult life in Russia and Germany. He arrived in Berlin in 1741. He spent around 25 years in Berlin and wrote around 380 scientific articles during his stay at Berlin. Many books written on calculus, planetary orbits, motion of moon, etc during this period. Even though, Euler has contributed immensely to the development of the Berlin academy, he forced to

Extended Service Encounter Reflective Journal Essay

Extended Service Encounter Reflective Journal - Essay Example The term ‘service encounter’ refers to ‘the contact situation between service customer and service firm when the service is being created’ (Se? Ler, 2009, p. 4), and as such is ‘one of the most central and controversial concepts in the service marketing literature’ (Grillmair, 2008, p. 4). The service encounter is important because customer perception is created by their most vivid impression of the service that takes place during the service encounter. There are three types of service encounters: episodic, consisting of a single occurrence producing a single revenue stream for the business, and a defined service duration; extended, which consists of an episodic service encounter but allowing for multiple service types; and continuous, which consists of multiple occurrences with multiple revenue streams, with an undefined service duration, multiple episodic or extended service encounters, and a relational exchange focus (Hume & McColl-Kennedy, 1 998). In this discussion, the aim is to create a diary of service encounters in the course of an extended service encounter. ... ement product requiring intimate participation of the customer in the process); (2) the pleasantness or unpleasantness which the customer felt for the duration of the service encounter; and (3) the lasting impression derived by the customer from the encounter. While it is true that all of us react to service encounters, not all of us react in the same way because of differences in cultural backgrounds, psychological make-up, and personal circumstances that make each of us unique (Grillmair, 2008). Therefore for the purpose of this study, there will be no better subject than this writer, to describe the feelings and impressions garnered during the exercise. I shall provide a service encounter journal of an experience I myself had undertaken, describing actions, thoughts and feelings that shaped the service encounter. Thereafter, the journal entries shall be analysed on a per-event basis, to break down the service encounter experience and later integrate them into a holistic account of what it takes for a customer to be satisfied. 2. The Service Provider Days Hotel is a popular chain of hotels that has established a global presence. Noted for its ‘affordable luxury’ and ‘ambience of carefully cultured elegance,’ the hotel is pleasantly appointed, unpretentiously four-star, and makes one feel at home with a modest kind of comfort. This local subsidiary is a take-off from its parent company, Days Inn of America, but it has evolved into an establishment that embodies both the warm hospitality of the locality and the service quality for which the brand is known. The company slogan is: â€Å"We make your day.† This is apparently a witty use of the word ‘day’ which comprises the hotel’s brand, while at the same time conveying in a simple and straightforward manner

Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Property Law - Essay Example 4. On this account, Leo gave Sonya a cheque of ? 100,000 on his own current account and a note saying that his share of the house was hers. He gave Sharon the key to a tin box under his bed saying that the contents were for her. He gave Ben his accounts business card telling him to contact the accountant who had his entire share certificate so that he should get ownership of them, selling them and thereafter give the proceeds in equal shares to Sharon and Sonya. 5. Leos tin contained a cheque for winnings from national lotto, a set of keys to his villa in Argentina, s set of keys to his car and a bag of Argentinian money. 6. Leo recovered from his illness, however on leaving the door for his first walk, part of the roof fell on him and killed him. 7. Ben sold the shares and used the proceeds for a holiday. The Law: In particular, I rely upon the following laws and case laws. 1. Re Craven Estates (No 1) (1937) I Ch 423, HC 2. Re Beaumont (1902) 1 CH 889 3. Cain vs. Moon (1896) 2QB 283 4. Wilkes vs. Allington (1931) 2 CH 104 5. Birch vs. Treasury Solicitor (1950) 2 All ER 1198 6. Re Lilingstone Deceased (1952) All ER 184 7. Woodard vs. Woodard (1991) The Times, 18th March CA. 8. Sen vs. Headley, (1991) CH 425 9. Stock Transfer Act of 1963 10. The Wills Act of 1837 11. Agnew vs. Belfast Banking Co. (1896) 2 IR 204 12. Re Dudman (1925) 1 CH 553 Donatio Mortis Causa: 1. The gifts under this case are known as donation mortis causa. These gifts are conditional and possession take place after the death of the donor.The Wills Act of 1837 allows the issuance of such gifts.Farley (2002) notes that in the case of Re Craven Estates, the court held that a person is not allowed to dispose of his property after death under British laws but an exemption is provided for by the Wills Act of 1837 (p.45). But this principle of donation mortis causa is an exemption as provided by the same act of 1837. 2. In Re Beaumont, the court held that Donatio Mortis Causa is a singular form of gift and is amphibious nature. It is neither inter vivos nor testamentary and the recipient is entitled to the gift after the donor dies (Jackson, 1972). 3. Keeton (1968) by using the case of Cain v Moon observes that for a gift under donation mortis causa to be valid it must satisfy the following conditions, the gifts must be made in contemplation of death and not necessarily expectation (p.61). The recipient must receive the subject matter of the gift and there must be a condition that the gift reverts back to the donor in case he recovers. 4. The validity of donation mortis causa does not depend on whether the donor died of the anticipated cause, but on whether the donor actually died. In Wilkes vs. Allington, it was held that the most important issue in DMC is whether the donor actually died (Fitzgerald and Muncie, 1983). 5. Harrison (1965) observes that if a title does not pass by delivery, a DMC can be valid if there is evidence of possession of title or property which entitle s the possessor to the property given, and he cites the case of Birch v treasury solicitor, where the court held that if the gift in question is bulky, the handling to the recipient a means of accessing the gift, i.e. the key is symbolic enough to constitute delivery (p.36). THE CASE: 1. The first issue noted in the gifts given to Sonya, Sharon

Jespersen vs. Harrahs Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Jespersen vs. Harrahs Case Analysis Essay Facts: Darlene Jespersen was a bartender at Harrah’s Casino in Reno in the sports bar. She was frequently praised by her supervisors and customers for being an outstanding employee. When Jespersen first started her job at Harrah’s the female bartenders were not required to wear makeup but were encouraged to. Jespersen tried to wear makeup to work a few times but decided that she did not like it due to the fact it made her feel sick, degraded, exposed and violated. She also believed that it interfered with her ability to deal with unruly customers because it â€Å"took away [her] credibility as an individual and as a person.† After 20 years of working for the company, Harrah’s implemented the â€Å"Personal Best† program contained certain appearance standards that applied equally to men and women. Women were now required to wear makeup and when Jespersen refused, she was fired. Jespersen sued Harrah’s under Title VII. Argument for Jespersen: Jespersen refused to wear makeup to work because the cost-in time, money and personal dignity. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 employers are free to adopt different appearance standards for each sex, but these standards may not impose a greater burden on one sex than the other. Women were required to wear makeup and men were not which allowed men to save hundreds of dollars and hours of time. Harrah’s had no right to fire Jespersen because the rule only applied to women. Argument for Harrah’s: Employers are allowed to impose different appearance rules on women than men as long as the overall burden upon the employees is the same. Harrah’s rules did not impose a heavier burden on women than on men. Outcome: Jespersen appealed the judgment of the United States District Court for District of Nevada granting defendant employer summary judgment in the employee’s sex discrimination action filed under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The final outcome was that the original judgment granting Harrah’s summary judgment was affirmed because Jespersen failed to present sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment on her claim. My Opinion: I agree with the final outcome of this case. Jespersen did not have enough evidence to prove that by Harrah’s requiring her to wear makeup was indeed sexual stereotyping. The â€Å"Personal Best† program had plenty of restrictions and requirements for men as well as women.

Changes to Assist in Immigration Integration

Changes to Assist in Immigration Integration To what extent will recent and proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants? UK Immigration law has recently seen a metamorphic transition. The new Immigration Rules are now in full swing. It is inevitable that any system that is introduced for the first time will either be very beneficial in the successful integration of new immigrants or will have devastating consequences. The introduction of the Points Based System (PBS) for new immigrants seeking to work, train or study in the UK replaces the approximate 80 routes of doing either of the above under the present regime. These Immigration categories have now been streamlined into one single immigration system. Adopting the single system provides clarity in the law and secures a carefully controlled integration of new immigrants. The system is much more straightforward in application. New immigrants can easily ascertain whether they meet the necessary criteria for a particular visa, which will save them time and prevent wastage of costs. The PBS is divided into 5 Tiers. Tier 1 (General) took effect from June 2008.[1]. Tiers 2 5 have been in force since November 2008. Tier 3 has been temporarily suspended and Tier 4 aims to be incorporated by March 2009. Under each Tier, any prospective immigrant would need to score points in order to attain entry clearance. The points have been set by the Migration Advisory Committee. Instrumental to the PBS is the involvement of sponsorship[2]. Another change is the requirement of the entry clearance and the knowledge of the English Language. The objective of Tier 1 is aimed at Highly Skilled Workers (HSW) and the Post Study Work (PSW) schemes, which replaces the former Highly Skilled Migrant Programme, (HSMP) the International Graduates Scheme, (IGS) The Fresh Talent Working in Scotland Scheme and the rules for business-people and innovators, investors, writers, composers and artists[3]. This Tier has been formed in line with bringing in the, â€Å"brightest and the best†[4]. This is good news for some workers, particularly those that do wish to enter on the PSW. The PSW allows a new worker to remain in the country for a period of 2 years and will benefit from good quality training. Employers were previously reluctant to invest in resource training of new recruits who were required to leave the country after 12 months. The process under the old HSMP scheme and the new HSW scheme is very different. Points are given on a sliding scale against requirements such as a degree qualification. The new immigrant needs a score of 75 points or more in order to qualify on the scheme and additional 10 points for the knowledge of English. There is also requirement for those that apply outside the UK; that they must have a bank balance of  £2,800 and those within the UK must have  £800. The purpose is to ensure that the new immigrant is able to support him/herself up until the first salary is received and not be dependant upon Government resources. This minimum financial requirement may appear to be a hindrance for those residing outside the UK. Tier 1 was questioned where foreign Doctors are concerned in the BAPIO[5] case. The House of Lords held that the Department of Health guidance defeated a legitimate expectation held by Doctors in training on the previous HSMP that they would not be prevented from undertaking work. Tier 1 states that a doctor will not be able to undertake employment as a doctor in training up until entry clearance is granted. This is therefore, another procedural obstacle for a UK Immigrant. Tier 2 applies to skilled workers with a job offer and replaces the concept of work permits completely. A skilled foreign worker will obtain 50[6] points and this will depend upon factors such as the person already being in skilled work as well as having an earning capacity of  £24,000 or having a recognised qualification. One way for an immigrant to earn 50 points immediately will be if the UK employer in can show that they cannot fill the required skilled post with a British worker and that the job vacancy has been advertised in the UK. This leads onto the employer passing the Resident Labour Market Test, which refers to the job being in shortage occupation. Tier 2 does not include overseas qualified nurses and midwifes, ground staff of overseas owned airlines, exchange teachers, and language assistants. The list includes a wide range of professionals in the cross section of society, which does not help with the integration of new immigrants with these qualifications. In R v SSHD[7] the Judge raised a concern with the new law regarding highly skilled migrants and those immigrants who have already obtained entry clearance and have not secured a job will constitute as racial discrimination. The Home Office has incorporated the judgement. The previous rules will apply to those UK immigrants who have been adversely affected by the change in law. This is good news for those immigrants that fall under this category. Alongside Tier 2 is the requirement of the certificate of sponsorship which has to be issued to the prospective employer. Prior to this, the Company will have to firstly be registered with the UK Border Agency so that it can obtain a sponsorship license. Skilled workers will be discouraged from coming to the UK and if an organisation is called into question, if faces losing its license and any immigrant working would be required to leave the country within a period of 28 or 60 days. The procedure of carrying out this process is set to cause serious delay to the recruitment of key immigrants and employers will risk losing access to a pool of talent on an international level. Tier 4 only applies to students as overseas ‘adults’. The immigrant must pass a maintenance test and produce supporting documents such as educational qualifications. The long term plan for Autumn 2009 is the emergence of the an IT system to support the student visa route. Whether the overseas ‘adult’ option excludes a section of student is yet to be decided. Tier 5 is currently in existence where temporarily workers wish to come to the UK for primarily non-economic reasons. UK Immigrant must be awarded 30 points and savings of at least  £800. This again may be difficult for some workers who only essentially work on a ’temporary’ basis. The actual criteria to meet has not considerably changed but what has reformed is the legal process. This will have a negative affect on those immigrants that will want to appeal against the decisions and the Asylum Immigration Tribunal(AIT). The Government has produced a consultation paper[8], which proposes to revise the scope for Judicial Review, which will have the prevent the applicant’s right to appeal to the High Court, following a decision of the AIT. The law could deter new immigrants from applying and discriminates against highly skilled individuals who hold the qualifications but not the job to go with it or the financial standing . The law has already been ’tweaked’ in its initial stages that could open up the floodgates for UK immigrants to question other areas of the new law. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. Clayton, G (2008) Immigration and Asylum Law (3rd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford 2.Jackson, D Warr, G, Cole, J.0., Middleton, J (2008) Immigration Law and Practice, (4th Edition) Tottel Publishing Journals/Articles Home Office Border Immigration Agency, (2008) The Path to Citizenship: next steps in reforming the Immigration System Home Office Border Immigration Agency (2008) Students under the Points Tier System -(Tier 4)- Implementation Plan Home Office UK Border Agency, Consultation: Immigration Appeals, Fair Decisions; Faster Justice, August 2008 Berry, M (2007) Are your employees eligible to work in the UK?-EEF, the manufacturers organisation Broadway House Tothill Street London Websites http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/ http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199238668/ -updates on Clayton, G (2008) Immigration on Asylum Law (3rd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford Legislation Immigration Rules Border Immigration Agency 2007 Case Law R (on the application of BAPIO Action Ltd another) v SSHD and another [2008] UKHL 27 R(on the application of HSMP Forum Ltd v SSHD [2008] EWHC 004 (Admin) Footnotes [1] Application and requirement methods set out HC321 [2] Tier 1 is exempt from this requirement. Under Tier 5, Youth Mobility, the Government will take the role of a sponsor. [3] Rule HC 607 [4] Home Office Border Immigration Agency, The Path to Citizenship: next steps in reforming the Immigration System, February 2008 [5] R (on the application of BAPIO Action Ltd another) v SSHD and another [2008] UKHL 27 [6] Immigration Rules -Appendix A [7] R(on the application of HSMP Forum Ltd v SSHD [2008] EWHC 004 (Admin) [8] Home Office UK Border Agency, Consultation: Immigration Appeals, Fair Decisions; Faster Justice, August 2008

Motivation Theories Application in Construction

Motivation Theories Application in Construction Most concepts of motivation that apply to the workforce begin with the assumption that behaviour, at least in part, is directed towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Definitions of motivation include: Willingness to exert effort to achieve the organizations goals, conditioned by this efforts ability to satisfy individual needs (Robbins Coulter, 1996). An employees motivation to work consists of all the drives, forces and influenced- conscious or unconscious- that cause the employee to want to achieve certain aims (Graham and Bennett, 1998 p60) Processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. Robbins and Judge (2009, p.209) There are many definitions of motivation, however the underlying concept appears to be that, some driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfil some need or expectation (Mullins, 2002, p418). Rudolph and Kleiner (1989) and Armstrong (1999) suggest that it can be divided in to two categories, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is related to tangible benefits such as salary, fringe benefits, security, contract of service, promotion, the work environment and conditions of work. Whereas intrinsic motivation relates to psychological rewards such as the opportunity to use ones ability, a sense of challenge and achievement, receiving appreciation, positive recognition, and being treated in a caring and considerate manner. The importance of the construction industry in relation to the general economy The building and construction industry is essential to welfare and prosperity in the UK. In 2011 the Gross Value Added of the construction industry in the UK was  £89.5 billion, 6.7% of total GVA (Gross value added). There were 2.04 million workforce jobs in the UK construction industry in March 2012, 6.4% of all workforce jobs. The GVA of the industry fell in 2008, 2009 and 2010 both in terms of  £billions but also its share of the total economy, 2011 saw a slight recovery but the GVA of the construction industry remained below pre-recession levels. (http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN01432) The importance of motivation Motivation is extremely important to organisations and companies of all sizes; in a competitive market place such as the construction industry it is vital that staff members are motivated in order to convert physical and financial resources into useful products, ultimately helping to reduce the cost of operations. According to Sabah Karimi (2010) Motivation is important in order to be able to attain the organizations goals and to accomplish long and short term objectives. Managers strive to motivate people in organisations to perform at high levels. This means getting them to work hard, to come to work regularly and to make positive contributions to the organisations goals. However job performance not only depends on motivation but also ability and environmental factors. The relationship of Performance can be stated as follows: P = M + A + E With, P = performance, M = motivation, A= ability, and E = environment To generate high levels of performance an employee must be motivated to do the job, must have the ability to complete the job effectively and must be provided with the necessary equipment/information to do so. Mullins (2002) refers to work by Krietner et al. who proposes that although motivation is a necessary contributor for job performance, it is not the only one. Alongside ability, motivation is also a combination of level of skill, knowledge about how to complete the task, feelings and emotions, and facilitating/inhibiting conditions not under the individuals control. Performance and satisfaction are areas commonly discussed when talking about motivation. Organisations not only want operatives that are productive, but they also want to ensure that their workforce is satisfied in order to reduce employee turnover. Boredom and frustration at work is often the result of an employees lack of involvement with the companys goals and a feeling that their ideas are not wanted or listened to. For the employer, staff turnover increases as employees walk out of the door for more interesting jobs. (Management today) Despite being discussed, there has been little scientific research in to the relationship between satisfaction and productivity and whether operatives are motivated so they are satisfied, productive or both. The importance of motivation is clear and can be summarised in the following quotation: Motivation may be defined as the degree to which individuals commit effort to achieve goals that they perceive as being meaningful and worthwhile Johnson, Johnson, 2003 However, it is slightly unclear are the factors that motivate operatives, if the techniques applied by management are successful, and what the relationship is between satisfaction and productivity. Therefore the aims for this research are to: Understand what motivates construction operatives, by ranking their needs, motivators and de-motivators. Establish what site managers perceive motivates operatives, and compare whether they are of the same opinion as the operatives. Compare the findings of this study with previous research, and establish any differences in opinion Discuss the issue of satisfaction and productivity and establish if there is a relationship between the two MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES THEIR APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION There are various theories which endeavour to quantify what motivation is, all which are partially true. However a generalised theory that applies to all individuals in different circumstances has not yet been theorised. It is not essential to discuss all motivational theories but it is however important to identify that each one is different. This project will be expanding on data analysed from previous research which was collected in relation to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. It also raises key points in regards to issues with satisfaction and productivity, this in which is linked to the work of Herzberg. This chapter will subsequently focus on the work of Maslow and Herzberg; other theories will be outlined briefly. History of motivation Motivation theories can be traced back over two centuries ago to the works of innovative theorists such as Robert Owen, Jeremy Bentham, and Elton Mayo who began to research and implement principles of motivational theories, there be it different models. Robert Owen believed that by caring and looking after the needs of his employees they would be more reliable, efficient and longer lasting. He demonstrated pioneering management and ethical business policies which are now widely recognised and implemented within human resources today. His strategies inspired infant education, the need for safer working practices, the co-operative movement, trade unionism, and garden cities. Jeremy Bentham views are widely known as the carrot and stick approach, a metaphor relating to reward and penalties. Bentham believed that everyone is self-interested, motivated by either a desirable outcome or avoiding an unpleasant one. Although theories of motivation have been explored extensively since, reward and punishment is still considered strong motivators in our society today. Elton Mayo conducted various behavioural experiments to explore methods of motivating staff, from the research he conducted he concluded that staff were not only motivated by pay, work conditions and moral but also psychological and social factors. He also found that recognition and a sense of belonging are very important and that an individuals attitude towards work is strongly influenced by those around them. Outline of theories It is now possible to divide motivation theories into two categories, content theories and process theories. Content theories may also be referred to as need theories as they focus on the importance of establishing what motivates us, trying to identify the needs of individuals and thus relating motivation to the fulfilling of these needs. These theories are concerned with identifying peoples needs, their relative strengths and the goals they pursue in order to satisfy these needs (Mullins 2002). They include: Maslow hierarchy of needs model Herzbergs two-factor theory Alderfers modified need hierarchy model McClellands achievement motivation theory McGregors X and Y theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs in a paper written in 1943, called A Theory of Human Motivation. The hierarchy attempts to explain/propose factors that motivate an individual, Maslow suggested that people are motivated to fulfil basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. The hierarchy is most commonly displayed in a pyramid format show in figure 1. Maslow believes that we must first achieve physiological needs as they are vital for our survival. They include the need for water, air, food and sleep; these are classed as primary needs as all other steps in the tier are secondary until these needs are met. Safety needs may also include factors that improve security; they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Once we can sustain ourselves (tier 1) it then becomes essential to ensure our safety/security, examples of this may be protection from weather, health insurance, machinery, vehicles etc. Social needs include our natural urge to feel accepted; examples of this may be with family, relationships or colleagues at work. Esteem needs include feelings such as self-worth, accomplishment and social recognition. Self-actualisation needs represent the highest tier of the hierarchy and are needs concerned with self-fulfilment or personal growth. Maslow believed that each tier must be fairly well satisfied before the needs of the next tier become important to the individual, however Oldcorn (1989) advocates that individuals may not satisfy the first need to move on to the next until they reach the top of the hierarchy. He implies that in reality we try to satisfy a mixture of various needs at any one time. This can often be seen when individuals are put under pressure, sleep and food (physiological needs) may be deprived in order to complete an objective or goal (esteem needs). This argument coincides with Wahba and Bridwell (1976) who reported that there was diminutive evidence to support the ranking of the needs or the hierarchical order, as his theory was difficult to test empirically; furthermore this meant that there are various interpretations of his theory and the clarity of his work has faded over time due to more recent publications by authors with more current views. Nevertheless the values of the tiers remain, regardless of the overlapping of needs. Herzbergs two-factor theory Dr Frederick Herzberg conducted research in order to gain an understanding of what creates job satisfaction. Herzbergs to-factor theory states there are certain factors in the workplace that cause satisfaction, and in turn different factors that create dissatisfaction. Herzberg divided these factors into two categories, hygiene and motivator factors. Principally hygiene factors are crucial in ensuring that workers are not dissatisfied, whereas motivators are needed to increase performance. Motivators are regarded as factors such as challenging work, recognition, responsibility and personal growth; elements Maslow describes as esteem needs. Hygiene factors are extrinsic, these include; job security, salary, fringe benefits and company policies; elements of Maslows higher level needs. They do not provide positive satisfaction, however if they are not present this will create dissatisfaction. There has since been criticism regarding the accuracy of the results concluded in Herzbergs theory, NEED TO INCLUDE POINT THAT DISPOVES, THEN EVIDENCE OF VALIDITIY. Alderfers modified need hierarchy model (ERG Theory) Clayton Alderfer redefined Maslows hierarchy and re-categorised it into three broader classes of needs. These include: Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Growth needs McClellands achievement motivation theory David McClelland was an American psychologist who conducted research to further the work of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. McClelland carried out research and experiments to identify the varying needs and motivators in a variety of people. His research suggested that these needs can be categorised into affiliation, power and achievement. Each of these needs influence motivation within an individual, McClelland suggested that these needs or motivators are acquired over time and vary from person to person dependent on their life experiences. Achievement can be defined as a recurrent concern to excel, to do better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing better. (McClelland, 1961). The power motive can be defined as a recurrent preference or readiness for experiences of having impact, control, or influence over others and the world (McClelland, 1975; Winter, 1973). The affiliative motive has been defined as the preference for establishing, maintaining, and restoring a positive affective relationship with another person or persons (Atkinson et al, 1954, p406). McGregors X and Y Theory Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation, developed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s. The theories describe two opposing models of employee motivation; X theory proposes that employees are fundamentally idle and have no interest in meeting the organisations objectives, therefore management and direction is necessary in ensuring that the workforce operates productively. Y theory still suggests that management are responsible, however McGregor proposes that management should show confidence in their workforce; giving employees the opportunity to exercise creativity, imagination and ingenuity in order to create a work environment where both management and subordinates share co-operative objectives. Weinbach, 2008 states that Most people can handle responsibility, because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population

Minorities Essay -- Minority Race Gender Essays

Minorities A minority group is made up of people who share a common set of cultural or physical characteristics that marks them as different from the powerful dominant group and for which they often suffer social disadvantages, because of their lack of power. As in the case of race and ethnicity, minority group membership is given by society. The most common minority groups are African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Women. African Americans Low status jobs In 1997 African Americans were considered 12.5% of the U.S. population and 64.7% of their race participated in the labor force. African Americans were also considered for 21.6% of all guards, 21.5% of all service occupation, cleaning, and building. Also 30.8% of all health service occupation (Macionis 1998). Less Education A mere of 75% have graduated high school, and 38% of all African Americans have completed at least one year of college. On the other hand 84% of European Americans have graduated high school , and 51% of them complete at least one year of college.(Macionis 1998). Less Medical Care In 1996 there was 19% of African Americans who didn’t receive health coverage under the age of 65, while only 15% of all the European Americans had not received it as well. Over the age of 65 with members of their population 30.1% had Medicare only. The European Americans had a low of 16.9% of Medicare. (Horner 1999). Crime infested ghettos Almost one third of all African Americans live in crime infested ghettos three times that of European Americans. An approximate percentage of African Americans that live in ghettos in 1997 was 80%. (Robertson). Large percent of prison population In 1997 African Americans were considered 42% of all jail inmates. In 1998 African Americans were considered 12.5% of the U.S. population, yet they were 32.4%of those arrested.(Macionis 1998). Women Low status jobs They have been considered that 98.4% of all women are secretaries. Household and child care workers is 86.5%, and 94.3% of all private household cleaners or maids are women. (Macionis 1998). Less Education In 1970 women had earned only 17% of a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering computer science, and natural sciences. In 1995 though, the proportion was still low but it increased to 31%. (Macionis 1998). Unequal Pay for Equal Work In 1998 women had... ... in the view. They allow themselves into fulfilling the prophecy to take place, as they see it as an uncontrollable variable in their lives. Women in society have been said to be weak, sensitive, and home making, in that they are better suited in the house. False explanation gives that views of women are physically inadequate to do the job of the man. A numerous amount of men still perpetuate this explanation as they would like to maintain their status as the head of the house. They believe that women’s equality would diminish their dominance, especially in the catholic society. Many women still believe this ideology because of the strong religious belief, ethnic or cultural backgrounds and the personal perspective. People are not created equal, and some races are not considered with respect. As you can see if there is no inequality then there cannot be a society. Works Cited Black Americans: A Statistical Source book & Hispanic Americans: A Statistical Source book . By Louise L. Hornor published 1999. Society: The Basics 1998-00 by John J. Macionis Society: A brief Introduction 1989 by Ian Robertson Gangs In America 2nd ED. 1996 by Ronald C. Huff

Thomas Jefferson: Pragmatics over Doctrine :: Cheathouse Essays

Thomas Jefferson: Pragmatics over Doctrine During the period 1800-1817, the Jeffersonians to a great extent compromised their political principles and essentially â€Å"out Federalized the Federalists†. While traditional Jeffersonian Republicanism advocated a strict interpretation of the Constitution and an emphasis on an agrarian economic system, the actual policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were markedly different from their theoretical principles. This obvious compromise of Jeffersonian principles is evident in the Federal government’s assumption of broad-based political powers and institution of capitalistic Hamiltonian economic reforms, both of which stemmed from Jefferson and Madison’s adoption of broad constructionist policies. Despite his many compromises however, Thomas Jefferson’s intent to dissolve the national debt was to a great extent unvarying. Jefferson and his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin honestly feared a large federal deficit as a threat to Republicanism. To avoid this threat, the President sought to diminish the role of the federal government, and decreased the national budget. These budget cuts substantially diminished the size and resources of the American army and navy. When criticized, Jefferson defended these military cuts as being consistent with Republican policies in that a smaller U.S. Army would be seen as less of a threat to other nations and reduce the risk of provocation, resulting in the ultimate promotion of peace. Unfortunately, the President’s consistency with Republican principles in matters of political power was not nearly as strong as his resolve to reduce the national debt. Under Jefferson and Madison, the federal government assumed political powers that the Constitution did not allot for. While prior to his presidency, Jefferson, then a strict constructionist had argued that the government should not assume any power unless specifically provided for in the Constitution, the Louisiana Purchase where America purchased a vast tract of land for $15 million, compromised these lofty ideals. In terms of the military, Thomas Jefferson had come to power vowing to reduce military size and power. Contrary to those principles, the Barbary War, where for nearly three years the American military exercised a naval blockade of the North African coast wasted millions of dollars of the people’s money and unconstitutionally violated states rights and strict constructionist principles, in the ir place asserting an alien un-Republican nationalism. While the evidence found in Jefferson’s political and military dealings helps us understand how Madison and him â€Å"out Federalized the Federalists†, an examination of Jefferson’s economic policies truly proves that in the words on one historian he was the â€Å"American Sphinx†.

RETIREMENT Essay -- essays research papers

Retirement, Are You Saving Enough?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As and investor, you are overwhelmed with advice in newspapers, magazines, and mailings discussing what to invest in for a successful retirement nest egg, when to start saving for retirement and who to invest with. There are millions of people who realize that an investment portfolio for retirement is necessary, but do they really understand the investment instruments and the amount they must invest for tomorrow? The subject of retirement is a fascinating area but it also could be a fuzzy subject without the correct amount of knowledge, understanding and professional guidance. The number one question of concern for individuals facing retirement issues is whether or not they have enough annual income to retire. â€Å"In 2001, only 63% of workers said they felt confident they would have enough money to live comfortably in retirement†¦just one year later, that figure was 72%.† (www.smartmoney.com) With the baby boomer generation nearing retirement in the up coming years there are numerous questions that need to be answered before they can flat out retire. Have they been saving enough for their retirement or will they fall short in the later years of their lives?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average â€Å"baby boomer† must realize that â€Å"they will have more time to enjoy the abundance they are accustomed to and they will need the income to do so. According to the Society of Actuaries, baby boomers can expect to live well into their 80,s and many will live well into there 100’s and beyond. That means someone who quits working at 65 may be looking at spending 35 years in retirement.† (www.aol.sageonline.com) The worst news about the increase in life expectancy is that people are not saving enough to maintain their high standards of living and they must adjust accordingly. So what are these people supposed to do?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, people must save as much money immediately and let go of the old notion of retirement. The basic fact is that â€Å"Social Security currently makes up about 40% of a retirees income, it is now up to the individual investor to generate the remaining 60% in order to maintain the standard of living they are accustomed to.† (Prosser 12) Some of the old rules of saving for retirement still apply, Michael McDonald, vice president of a national brokerage firm says the 60 t... ...ill accumulate interest. Making withdraws are non-reportable income and won’t change your adjusted gross income which otherwise could put you into a higher tax bracket an affect other withdraws from accounts. This leaves the Roth IRA more flexible because there will be no minimum distribution requirements, so you take out what you need and let the rest grow. After age 59.5, even before retirement, you will be able to make withdraws before retirement if the account has been open for at least 5 years. However, the withdraw must fit the requirements of a â€Å"qualified withdraw†. In order for a withdraw to be considered qualified it must be as a result of a medical emergency, loss of working ability, forced retirement, etc†¦ The Roth IRA seems like it has no disadvantages but there are drawbacks of a Roth IRA to a traditional IRA. One disadvantage with the taxes is that you are paying taxes now while you are likely to be in a higher tax rate then you would be whe n you were in retirements. The Roth IRA doesn’t offer tax deductibility leaving people to pay more taxes now. Other than these drawbacks there really isn’t any other reason not to invest in a Roth IRA compared to a traditional IRA RETIREMENT Essay -- essays research papers Retirement, Are You Saving Enough?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As and investor, you are overwhelmed with advice in newspapers, magazines, and mailings discussing what to invest in for a successful retirement nest egg, when to start saving for retirement and who to invest with. There are millions of people who realize that an investment portfolio for retirement is necessary, but do they really understand the investment instruments and the amount they must invest for tomorrow? The subject of retirement is a fascinating area but it also could be a fuzzy subject without the correct amount of knowledge, understanding and professional guidance. The number one question of concern for individuals facing retirement issues is whether or not they have enough annual income to retire. â€Å"In 2001, only 63% of workers said they felt confident they would have enough money to live comfortably in retirement†¦just one year later, that figure was 72%.† (www.smartmoney.com) With the baby boomer generation nearing retirement in the up coming years there are numerous questions that need to be answered before they can flat out retire. Have they been saving enough for their retirement or will they fall short in the later years of their lives?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average â€Å"baby boomer† must realize that â€Å"they will have more time to enjoy the abundance they are accustomed to and they will need the income to do so. According to the Society of Actuaries, baby boomers can expect to live well into their 80,s and many will live well into there 100’s and beyond. That means someone who quits working at 65 may be looking at spending 35 years in retirement.† (www.aol.sageonline.com) The worst news about the increase in life expectancy is that people are not saving enough to maintain their high standards of living and they must adjust accordingly. So what are these people supposed to do?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, people must save as much money immediately and let go of the old notion of retirement. The basic fact is that â€Å"Social Security currently makes up about 40% of a retirees income, it is now up to the individual investor to generate the remaining 60% in order to maintain the standard of living they are accustomed to.† (Prosser 12) Some of the old rules of saving for retirement still apply, Michael McDonald, vice president of a national brokerage firm says the 60 t... ...ill accumulate interest. Making withdraws are non-reportable income and won’t change your adjusted gross income which otherwise could put you into a higher tax bracket an affect other withdraws from accounts. This leaves the Roth IRA more flexible because there will be no minimum distribution requirements, so you take out what you need and let the rest grow. After age 59.5, even before retirement, you will be able to make withdraws before retirement if the account has been open for at least 5 years. However, the withdraw must fit the requirements of a â€Å"qualified withdraw†. In order for a withdraw to be considered qualified it must be as a result of a medical emergency, loss of working ability, forced retirement, etc†¦ The Roth IRA seems like it has no disadvantages but there are drawbacks of a Roth IRA to a traditional IRA. One disadvantage with the taxes is that you are paying taxes now while you are likely to be in a higher tax rate then you would be whe n you were in retirements. The Roth IRA doesn’t offer tax deductibility leaving people to pay more taxes now. Other than these drawbacks there really isn’t any other reason not to invest in a Roth IRA compared to a traditional IRA

Angelina Jolie – history

ARGUMENT Angelina Jolie, even the name has a certain rhythm to it. Love or hate her, you cannot be indifferent about her. To say she is a goddess is stating the obvious. Has there ever been a more talked about woman since Princess Diana? It is hard to believe that she only just turned 38, she has achieved in those years what most people will never achieve if they lived to be 100 years. There is no question that Angelina is a trailblazer, always a leader and never a follower.Contrary to opinions that the media has shown over time, she is not afraid to speak and live honestly. The media has created an image of an Angelina that bears no resemblance to who she is, the tabloids especially have turned her life into a soap opera and creating drama where none exists. The tabloids have been especially vicious in their relentless attack on this woman. I ask myself why? What is it about this woman that so threaten other women. As one columnist so succinctly put it, â€Å"Angelina does not make us feel good about ourself. This is a woman who at the age of 26 adopted a child while most of her peers have been parroting to the media about wanting to be a mother, Jolie doesn’t just talk the talk, she walks the walk. Yes adoption has been going on long before she adopted, but she made it cool and acceptable. She has immersed herself in her humanitarian work, earning her kudos and respect from the experts in the field, she donates one third of her income to so many different charitable organizations around the world. Not only does she give money, she gives her time and her heart.It is a pilot. In my opinion, not many actresses can be pilots. Most insecure, self absorbed people cannot relate to her because she is not a train wreck. People can look at the train wrecks that are other women and feel sorry for them and happily say to themselves:’Thank God my life is not that bad, thank God I am a better mother†, but that cannot be said about Jolie. She is a wonde rful mother, a wonderful and loving partner, daughter and sister. The media tries to portray an image of a cold and controlling woman, but yet gain the facts do not bear that out. Everybody that has ever met her always say how sweet and down to earth she is, even Brad Pitt, poor man, did not know what hit him when he met her because the Angelina he met was the real Angelina and not the version created by the media. Angelina is that rare actress that is taken serious both in Hollywood and Washington DC. The media try to create a caricature of her authentic self in an effort assure their readers that one person cannot have it all.At this point, she and Brad Pitt have baffled the tabloid and fiction writers who proclaimed that this union will not last more than six months, here they are going into their third year with four children and more being planned for. To read some of the blogs with the bitter women claiming they are over Brangelina, and yet everywhere they show up, the crowd s well, applauding them. Maybe the tabloids need to get with the program that more people want this couple to succeed.We are constantly told she was a wild child or all the crazy stuff she did seven to ten years ago with her ex husband, funny nobody says anything about BBT’s behavior from back then considering that he was old enough to be her father. Drew Barrymore was a wild child doing drugs and clubbing at the tender age of 10, and let us not forget about Johnny Depp trashing hotel rooms, but of course they are not Angelina Jolie and there is always one rule for her and a different one for everyone else.Angelina is an enigmatic figure, very intelligent, very passionate and highly opinionated, I can’t say I blame Brad for falling in love with this gem of a woman. Her beauty shines from within. The tabloids have been throwing everything they can at her right now, hoping that they can break her, but my gut feeling is that seeing what she has seen in the refugee camps and the war torn countries she has visited, she has a better perspective in life, she is able to see the bigger picture and that is why her detractors will never get to her because she is on a much higher plane.I have a feeling that we will still be talking about this woman 50 years from now, long after the pity party has ended and the fake girl next door has been exposed for the fraud that she is. In the mean time, Angelina will continue to live her life with such poise, class and dignity. She has inspired people the world over by choosing a purpose driven life over a narcissistic and self absorbed one, her critics could learn a thing or two about making the world a little better instead of polluting it with their nastiness and ugly behavior. General OverviewAngelina Jolie first became aware of the world wide humanitarian crisis while filming Tomb Raider in Colombia. This made her turn to the office of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). Her quest was to request t he agency to mandate her involvement in the protection and care for the refugees (Bruce, 2011). Jolie has been involved in the missionary work since 2001. She moved and met refugees and internally displace person in over 20 countries. The countries include: Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Thailand and many more. The most recent was when she traveled to Haiti to console and help earthquake victims (Apostolina, 2006).The ‘Jolie-Pitt Foundation’ was dedicated to the eradication of extreme rural poverty as well as protecting natural resources. This foundation provides â€Å"Doctors Without Borders† which is an international organization made up of doctors and nurses. The organization is mandated to help persons whose lives are threatened by violence. Other threats that people may face prompting the work of â€Å"Doctors Without Limits† is neglect, catastrophes, epidemics and many more. This is a non-profit making organization which is devoted to working with children and other vulnerable people (Apostolina, 2006).Angelina Jolie has been involved in helping children all over her country as well as in other countries globally. She has for many times been among the first to respond to humanitarian crisis whenever children are involved and emergencies of any kind. One of her commitments is the involvement in supporting SOS children’s Villages (GaneshaSpeak, 2010). Her commitment is to ensure that right decisions are made in regard to the welfare of orphaned children. This year, Jolie has been involved in charity work with children in Haiti, as well as refugees in South America.Flood victims have also been rescued from wars and floods. Victims of floods in Pakistan have also been helped by Jolie through her foundation. Most of these children are survivors of war. Angela Jolie coordinates volunteers as well as educational activities that are essential for refugees programs (Apostolina, 2006). Angela Jolie’s program is aimed at rehabilita ting children from streets as well as those who survived war but lost their parents or guardians (Tsaliki, 2011). The Program is organized in a manner that it has an after-school program as well as ongoing community events that help in raising funds.Such actions include car washes and group meals. The program for Doctor Without Limits works in at least 24 war-torn countries all over the world. It has been recognized for the hard work in fostering diversity, tolerance and at the same time enhancing community building. Jolie has done this work among the refugees together with local citizens plus the neighborhood (Puchta, 2008). Jolie’s Missions with UNHCR Angela Jolie conducts missions with UNHCR to help people living in harsh conditions. Her main concern has been the living standards of children that are vulnerable because of displacement.She has made people in need, specifically children, her heroes (Pelteret, 2010). The harsh living conditions have made children vulnerable p rompting the help of Jolie and many others. Jolie has gone ahead to create children’s charity aimed at helping children in the streets, orphaned children as a result of war, famine or natural calamities. Jolie’s children charity is a child-based charity center. The organization exists with an aim of advancing the rights of children. Children benefiting from this program are allowed to enjoy their rights of getting relevant education and basic health.In addition, they are taken through rehabilitation from the effect of conflict and trauma they experience in their war-tone countries or homes (Hallenbenk-Huber, 2010). In order to achieve her goals, Jolie has been instrumental in recruiting and training established therapist who are responsible in treatment of trauma. Children are worst affected by trauma (Hallenbenk-Huber, 2010). Some other people, like adolescents also need this professional care. The trained and established therapists are then released to go out and tra in the local community on how to help children overcome trauma.The professionals are recruited and trained by Doctors Without Limits. They also train and help in the management of post traumatic stress disorders. Jolie has taken her time and resources in ensuring that local organizations are involved in training children as well as their care givers on adoption to a new life (Hallenbenk-Huber, 2010). Jolie has for many years been involved in missions around the world meeting refugees as well as the internally displace persons. Her main accomplishment has been to create awareness of the predicament of these refugees.Jolie believes that refugees need to be recommended for having survived the most difficult situations and still strong to face new dimensions of life (Bruce, 2011). Her biggest aim has been to pay visits to what she terms as ‘forgotten emergencies. ’ These are crisis that media attention has shifted away from, or other humanitarian organizations have failed t o recognize. Jolie is remembered for her commitment and attention to refugees of war tone countries in Africa. She is also commended for not fearing having to travel to countries or areas that are at war.For instance, Jolie visited Darfur region in Sudan when it was at war in the year 2004. In addition, she visited Chad during its Civil war and Iraq during the Gulf war. Therefore, Jolie shows she has had her commitment in helping victims or war and refugees (Bruce, 2011). Furthermore, Jolie has been using her public profile in making her humanitarian campaigns. She has been promoting humanitarian causes using the media. In addition, she got involved in promoting humanitarian causes on a political level. In several occasions, Jolie has been involved in the celebration of World Refugee Day in Washington, D.C. Apart from these; Jolie has also lobbied for humanitarian aid in the United States meeting with members of congress petitioning their support in this field. Humanitarian Foundati ons under Angelina Jolie Apart from â€Å"Doctors Without Limits†, Jolie has established other charitable organizations. The Maddox Jolie-Pitt Foundation was dedicated to both community development and environmental conservation in Cambodia. Jolie has also taken part in the establishment of Maddox Chivan Children’s Center in partnership with the ‘Global Health Committee’.The center is a children’s day care facility for children affected and afflicted by HIV in the capital of Cambodia (Bruce, 2011). In addition, she was also involved in the establishment of Jolie-Pitt foundation aimed at rehabilitating and helping children attain education. Children recruited into this facility are victims of both natural or man made humanitarian disasters. Apart from these, Jolie has also partnered with Microsoft Corporation in the establishment of ‘Kids in Need of Defense’. The program provides to children free legal council to unaccompanied immigrant children in the United States (Apostolina, 2006).Angelina Jolie has also taken part in the rehabilitation of children of the streets and street families. Her foundations have come up with programs that employ personnel who work through out the night looking for vulnerable children. They walk through out the streets providing children of the streets with food and clothing. In addition, Jolie has also initiated programs that are instrumental in the provision of medicine and mobile health facilities to children in the streets and countries at war. Furthermore, these children are encouraged to join schools (Hallenbenk-Huber, 2010).The foundation through the management of Jolie’s partnership with other aid agencies provides these children with school materials. This is a way that Jolie is using to help vulnerable children in the streets to pursue their education as well as get their daily basic needs. Humanitarian agencies also encourage workers from different foundation establish ed by Jolie to establish personal relationship with the children (Hallenbenk-Huber, 2010). Personal relationship with the children is to help them develop interpersonal relationship and develop a positive attitude.In addition, personal relationship is essential because children will learn how to address the root cause of their vulnerability. Moreover, the foundation workers will also be in a position to know how to start helping the children. Jolie has received world wide recognition for her involvement in Humanitarian work. For instance, in 2003, Jolie was the firs recipient of the Citizen of the World award. The ward was a creation of the United Nations Correspondents Association (GaneshaSpeak, 2011). In addition, the president of Cambodia awarded Jolie citizenship of his country following her committed humanitarian support.Jolie made open her motives for joining the humanitarian field in 2001. Her message was instrumental in the provision of humanitarian aid. Joie said that it wa s unfair to sit and watch as we ignore information regarding the fact that millions of individuals were out suffering. She said how much she wanted to help. She was inspired by the feeling that all are human and we all can have the same feeling at some point (GaneshaSpeak, 2011). In addition, Jolie emphasized the need for justice equality to all aiming at every one having a chance for life. Her inspiration was that everyone would run for help should we be in a needy situation.

Behavioural Finance..

A study on Behavioural Finance Problem Statement: To understand how and to what extent markets and investor decisions have been influenced by market moving emotions. Objectives: The main objectives of this research are 1. To understand the roots and origins of behavioural finance. 2. To understand the basic investor psychology, components and aspects of the same. 3. To understand the components, heuristics and anomalies involved in behavioural finance. . To determine according to gender and age group, what are the various choices of investments, priority given to characteristics of investment alternatives and decisions made on the basis of risk and strong market movements.Null Hypothesis: The market moving emotions have no influence on the behaviour of investors. Alternative Hypothesis: The market moving emotions have an influence on the behaviour of investors. Benefits of the Research: . It will help to understand the roots and origins of behavioural finance. 2. It will help to unde rstand the basic investor psychology, components and aspects of the same. 3. It will help to determine according to gender and age group, what are the various choices of investments, priority given to characteristics of investment alternatives and decisions made on the basis of risk and strong market movements. Research Methodology:A sample of 50 people will be taken of different age, income groups and data will be analysed. Sources of Data: The primary research will include Questionnaires, personal interviews which will contain closed ended questions. For the secondary Research data will be collected from different websites, e-journals, journals, books and other articles which have been published. The secondary data will be compared with the primary to prove the hypothesis. Behavioural Finance.. A study on Behavioural Finance Problem Statement: To understand how and to what extent markets and investor decisions have been influenced by market moving emotions. Objectives: The main objectives of this research are 1. To understand the roots and origins of behavioural finance. 2. To understand the basic investor psychology, components and aspects of the same. 3. To understand the components, heuristics and anomalies involved in behavioural finance. . To determine according to gender and age group, what are the various choices of investments, priority given to characteristics of investment alternatives and decisions made on the basis of risk and strong market movements.Null Hypothesis: The market moving emotions have no influence on the behaviour of investors. Alternative Hypothesis: The market moving emotions have an influence on the behaviour of investors. Benefits of the Research: . It will help to understand the roots and origins of behavioural finance. 2. It will help to unde rstand the basic investor psychology, components and aspects of the same. 3. It will help to determine according to gender and age group, what are the various choices of investments, priority given to characteristics of investment alternatives and decisions made on the basis of risk and strong market movements. Research Methodology:A sample of 50 people will be taken of different age, income groups and data will be analysed. Sources of Data: The primary research will include Questionnaires, personal interviews which will contain closed ended questions. For the secondary Research data will be collected from different websites, e-journals, journals, books and other articles which have been published. The secondary data will be compared with the primary to prove the hypothesis.

Definition of Poetry

What is Poetry? According to W. H. Hudson we all have a sense of what poetry constitutes. There are innumerable definitions of poetry given by poets and critics of poetry and out of which Hudson chooses some famous definitions. They are given below: * Johnson : â€Å"Metrical composition† , it is â€Å"the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to the help of reason† * Macaulay: â€Å"we mean the art of employing words in such a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours† * Carlyle: â€Å"We will call Musical thought† Shelley: â€Å"In a general sense may be defined as the expression of the imagination† * Hazlitt: â€Å"It is the language of the imagination and the passions† * Leigh Hunt: â€Å"The utterance of a passion for truth, beauty, and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in unity† * Coleridge: â€Å"Poetry is the antithesis of science, having for its immediate object pleasure, not truth† * Wordsworth: â€Å"It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge and the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science† * Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"It is the rhythmic creation of beauty† * Keble: â€Å"A vent for overcharged feeling or a full imagination† * Doyle: â€Å"It expresses our dissatisfaction with what is present and close at hand† * Ruskin: â€Å"The suggestion by the imagination, of noble grounds for the noble emotions† * Prof. Courthope: â€Å"The art of producing pleasure by the just expression of imaginative thought and feeling in metrical language† * Mr. Watts-Dunton: â€Å" The concrete and artistic expression of the human mind in emotional and rhythmical language† * Matthew Arnold: â€Å"It is simply the most delightful and per fect form of utterance that human words can reach† * â€Å"It is nothing less than the most perfect speech of man that in which he comes nearest to being able to utter the truth† * â€Å"It is a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty† As Hudson state when we look at them critically, and compare them with one another, certain disturbing facts about them become clear. Commenting on these definitions Hudson concludes they are almost distracting in their variety because the subject is approached from many different points of view. Some, strictly speaking, fail to define, because they express rather what is poetical in general, wherever it may be found, than what is specifically poetry. Some, on the other hand, are too narrow and exclusive, because they recognize only the particular kind of poetry in which the writer happened to be personally interested.

Mcdonald’s Business Type and Purpose Essay

McDonald’s was invented in the year 1940 and has currently about 34 000 restaurants in the whole world. Since McDonald’s was found they established loads of shops especially in Europe and America. McDonald’s is obviously a private company and is owned by a head of shareholders. It was found by Richard and Maurice McDonald’s and until today they don’t get any support by the government. Today, the company is leaded by Andrew J McKenna as chairman and Don Thompson as president and CEO of the organisation. These people are the main decision makers within McDonald’s organisational structure. This business is one of the main fast food companies in the world. This means they produce food, but get supplied by several other businesses. They are settled in the secondary and tertiary sector, cause they’re not actually producing each part of the food they sell, but they do combine products to another saleable product. McDonald’s is combining supplier’s goods to actual fast food products and I selling them. Therefore they’re settled in the restaurant sector. McDonald’s is a franchise and public limited company. Franchising a business means that the company, even though it is owned by a head of directors, they sell several shops to private people, who pay for using the companies name and selling the whole menu of this business. They still have restaurants which are actually controlled and managed by the McDonald’s company, but even the shops the franchised, they still own and control the actions and on- goings in each shop and restaurant. By franchising the companies name they give people, who want to be independent, the opportunity to find a quick start into the worlds market of restaurants. Loads of small business fail to get widely accepted and fail to make their name famous. McDonald’s is a name the public trust and it’s much easier to sell the services and goods. Independent managers of a franchised shop don’t just have to pay for using products and names, but have to stick to the companies rules and can’t produce or establish other products. Usually the franchisees are limited responsible and have limited liability for the on- goings in their shops. They are partly responsible for mistakes their employees do, but there are main subjects which lie completely on the actual business and their directeurs, McDonald’s. McDonald’s is basically raising money by selling produced fast food products and fro example franchise contracts. The owner of any franchise organisation earns money from each franchised shop. They get a fixed percentage of the income of each shop and McDonald’s gets paid for allowing other people to use their name and produce their products. Public limited company means that the organisation is owned and controlled by shareholders. They have a limited liability, because the concept of them is it to sell shares of the company. Therefore they’re no longer unlimited responsible for all their shops. They raise money by selling their shares, because the private people who buy them are able to use the product and the name of the company for their shop. In addition they raise funds by selling their products to costumers. They get profits from each franchised shop and obviously from the shops which are actually owned by McDonald’s. The profits are shared between the shareholders and the owners of the company. The percentage is fixed in a contract.

Assignment 01 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

01 - Assignment Example If teachers lack protection and hence start being fired regularly, the students’ learning process will be disrupted. They will take time adopting and warming up to a new teacher. They will also be insecure to get close to the teachers in case they are fired and this will affect their psychological well-being. The judge let emotions take the center stage in the ruling and not fully acted on the evidence presented. I do not refute that some of the teachers are ineffective but ruling based on only 1-3% of the teachers is seemingly unfair and unjust to the teachers themselves bearing in mind over 90% of them are effective ones (Blume and Ceasar, 2014). The judge should have been more objective in his ruling. A child’s right to education is important but so is the child’s right to happiness and peace of mind which will not be the case if the teachers are constantly being fired hence disrupting the education of the students. Innocent teachers will be negatively affected by the end of the tenure and they are the majority ones. The ruling should have ensured a middle ground to accord the good teachers’ appreciation. A child’s life is not dependent 100% on school life and hence the private life at home and with friends may also contribute to his or her performance. By having the teachers take all the blame for the failure of the students is an ignorance of the other life outside school children have. Whether a teacher can be fired or not is not directly related to a child’s life outside of school. The court failed to consider this side of the argument. I think that after the courts and educators who supported the court’s ruling finally realize that the teacher’s tenure did not have everything to do with the learning and performance outcome of students; they will finally revisit this case and ruling and realize the

IT and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT and Society - Essay Example E-mail and instant messaging is also an effective way to communicate by sending and receiving messages. An optimistic view of this is that information technology promotes communication between people and must therefore help to spread social and international understanding. People who are thousands of miles apart, either literally or socially speaking, can communicate through 'chat' groups, bulletin boards or e-mail; they can obtain information on different ways of life through World Wide Web sites and even experience the 'virtual reality' of other ways of life through interactive programs. More efficient production using IT creates more wealth, which can be shared amongst all the groups concerned. It can thus be argued that the technology has a built-in bias in favour of reducing social and economic divisions. (Tansey, 2002, p. 214) Perrons (2004) holds the opinion that technology develops within specific sets of economic and social arrangements and technological possibilities are not realised automatically, that is social change does not automatically follow technology. Indeed the technology underpinning existed and was being implemented in the 1920s, but sustained accumulation did not follow. Changes were necessary in the prevailing mode of regulation, that is in the institutional arrangements within which individual and social reproduction takes place. (Perrons, 2004, p. 131) Perrons (2004) further states that the precise effects of e-commerce on economic and social development are contingent, varied and rapidly changing and therefore need to be explored empirically. The same processes or technologies that allow small firms access to world markets, which may enhance local development, simultaneously give peripheral consumers access to firms in the centre thereby facilitating the development of 'superstar' firms, and in turn potentially promote superstar regions. (Perrons, 2004, p. 180) In a broader spectrum IT helps telecommunications (TC) and networks to constantly implement to support organisational goals. Stair & Reynolds while providing an IT implementation example explains: suppose a business needs to develop an accurate monthly production forecast. Doing so requires a manger to download data from customers' databases of sales forecasts. TC can provide a network link so that the manager can access the data needed for the production forecast report, which in turn supports the company's objectives of better financial planning. (Stair & Reynolds, 2001, p. 146) The more individuals and organisations grasp the nature of the technology and its possibilities, the greater the probability they can influence the direction of change. A modest hope is that increased communication and a greater pooling of information should in the long run make it easier for people, organisations and states to reach, if not a consensus on what should be done, at least informed compromises on how to live together. (Tansey, 2002, p. 214) Presently, IT has enabled our social system to confront with social change in the

Global organizations ethical & cultural issues Essay

Global organizations ethical & cultural issues - Essay Example Such challenges may include ethical and cultural issues that corporations face as they seek to expand their presence in the global arena. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. faces ethical, social responsibility & cultural issues as it seeks to expand its operations outside the United States. Indeed, this research paper addresses and analyzes the cultural, ethical, and social responsibility issues affecting the operations of Wal-Mart outside America. Wal-Mart is a global retail corporation that operates a chain of large retail stores in various formats across the world (Forbes, 2013). The global organization has its headquarters in America and stands out as the largest private employer with more than two million employees across the world. The corporation has about 8500 stores, which operates in 50 states in the United States and in 26 countries across the globe (The New York Times, 2013). The global organization has a low price philosophy, which attracts a wide a customer base (Forbes, 2013). Neve rtheless, with the diversity of its operations and many employees the corporation faces numerous ethical, cultural, and social responsibility issues relating to its operations and workforce. Walmart has been expanding its operations outside US especially to areas where it can establish a strong retail store. The global organization opened retail stores in Japan, Germany, China, and South Korea but faced various cultural issues that limited its success and sometimes led to the closure of such retail stores. Notably, Germany was the first place that Walmart opened its stores outside Europe (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). Nevertheless, cultural issues in Germany grounded its operations. The cultural issues included the corporation’s failure to provide all products and services under one roof as seen in American stores (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). Moreover, the merchandise at the Walmart stores in Germany was inefficient for the customers. The retail store irritated the German customers by placing all the premium products at an eye level and placing the discounted products at the bottom or the top most shelve where customers struggled to get the discounted products (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). Additionally, the WalMart’s product line in Germany did not suit the shopping and cultural traits of the customers. In fact, the German culture negated the American culture that Walmart propagates in that shoppers opt to shop daily in various local stores dealing in household goods and groceries instead of shopping once a week as Walmart advocates (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). Walmart had issues in satisfying the cultural and shopping habits of a normal German shopper who seeks to the most efficient and limited time in shopping (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). The retail store in Germany mandated customers to spend longer time in shopping to the dismay of the German shoppers. Additionally, the retail store introduced strange management practices that did not conform to the Germa n culture. Indeed, the management requires employees to attend the morning exercise before the shift that annoyed many German employees (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). Furthermore, the store required sales clerks to smile at customers. This negated the German culture where men viewed this as flirting and the German culture viewed the behavior of smiling at strangers as an abnormality (Landler & Barbaro, 2006). In fact, this trend disturbed many German cashiers and derived hard feelings as the smiles were