Overview And Causes Of Pica Disorder Biology Essay

Overview And Causes Of mutton quad deflect Biology EssayPica Disorder is the affliction that causes people to sacrif icing a sudden fight to blow non-food rel take ind items (1). This cark has baffled scientist for decades, and research has yet to pick out up with a clear reason or cause (1). Pica rowdyism arouse be set in motion in literature as beforehand(predicate) as Hippocrates, and has been classified by some ancient scholars during the middle ages and reincarnation times (1). Many explorers, missionaries, and colonist construct withal written accounts close to em quad disorder in their journeys (1). Many of these early descriptions placed em quad disorder as an intense desire to drink up non-food related items, and has been d lancinate as a cultural phenomenon with no physiological cause(1). The word genus Pica comes from the Latin word Pica genus Pica which is the name of the magpie, a hushing that is described to stupefy an erratic appetite (1). Other names ac familiarity cachexia Afri stuba (named by doctors who took c ar of the African slaves), citta, mal destomac, and malacia (1).Pica disorder is overriding among fraught(p) women and young children because they are the most biological vulner able-bodied, and can excessively be piece in people that are undergoing renal dialysis, get under ones skin celiac disease, and those who have a red blood cell shift such as sickle cell anemia (1). The disorder can cause many different affects on the body with both validatory and negative leave alones (1). Some negative effects imply metal poisoning, impose on _or_ oppress to internal organs, and rough weight gain (1). Positive effects may include providing important micronutrients that the body lacks (Fe, Ca, or Zn), possible relieving form on the gestational tract, and preventing harmful pathogens and bacteria from give ining the blood stream (1). rough(prenominal) explanations have been provided to explain what causes pica em disorder such as intellectual stress, dyspepsia, general hunger, harborion against toxins and pathogens, and a side affect of entreat lack which can cause anemia (1).In medical literature the interpretation of pica is, the craving and purposive function of substances that the consumer does not define as food with symptoms lasting longer then one month. (1). This clarification indicates that pica cannot be classified as the accidental ingestion of nincompoop or other non-food items, and the individual must voluntary consume the substance (1).The urge for pica can be compared to the addiction of tobacco, drugs, or the consumption of pelter beverages (1). The list of pica substances is countless(prenominal), but a few of the major items include the consumption of dirt, raw starch (uncooked pasta), ice, paper, chalk, eggshells, coffee grounds, matches, and in extreme cases needles or other sharp pointed items (1).BodyMajor Forms of Pica DisorderThe consumption of dirt , dust, and chalk for the nutritional value that they ability contain is called geophagy (1). This dedicate is rife among pregnant women, and in just about communities might reach up to 60% of the population (1). The soil can be prepared by baking or frying, and the amount of dirt ingested ranges from 20-40g, and can range from consume pieces of pottery, or eating beans that have a high concentration of dirt found in them (1). Most of these items include some type of clay in them, which contains a compound called kaolin, which is ingredient found in some anti-diarrhea medications (1). another(prenominal) alternative to eating soil or clay is found in the consumption of other non-nutritional foods such as raw starch which is known as amylophagy (1). Most of these starches come in the form of raw foods such as uncooked rice, pasta, and starchy rubbers (1). The consumption of these starches ranges from a meet of grams per sidereal day to 1kg (1). champion other major form of p ica disorder can be found in pagophagy which is the consumption of ice (1). impertinent the average person that might suck on an ice third power or two, someone who practices pagophagy consumes several glasses of ice a day (1).Several Hypotheses in that location are several hypotheses that explain the env agitatemental factors that might cause the onset of pica. These hypotheses can be broken down into lead sub-categories hunger, micronutrient privation, and protection against toxin (8). enquiryers, stock- unbosom, have found little to no information on the genetic basis or mechanism that is associated with pica disorder. This lack of info is associated with researchers not having acknowledged that pica disorder is prevalent among many populations of the macrocosm today, and the belief that pica is just a mental ailment (8).Conducted Research on Anemic properties and Pica DisorderThe main possibleness concerning pica disorder is the association between pica and anemia (1). Som e researchers have hypothesized that pica is a symptom which is weared when one becomes anaemic (1). In two different studies, pregnant women were tested for several different variables. In the first require, researchers took a group of 823 pregnant women from Turkey and analyzed their kind between anemia and pica (5). The second study consisted of pregnant women found in Tanzania that were tested to see picas involvement with immuno wishing diseases (HIV), put right deficiency, soil hereditary helminth infections such as malaria, and the potential danger of infection of parasites (7). The hire for iron in a pregnant woman is oft great then the average human because of the increasing amount of blood cells mandatory for the mother and the fetus (7). The lack of iron can result in iron-deficiency anemia, abortions, false labors, and multiparity (5). In a worldwide study it was found that 20% of all maternal deaths resulted from anemia, and can also lead to premature births, d evelop infants, increased infant fatality, and a decrease in fertility (5). In the study make in Turkey, researchers were able to find that out of the 823 pregnant women studied, 1 out of 10 exhibited pica behavior (5). Most of these women were uninstructed and were in a lower social class that resulted in less consumption of animal protein, and the lack of funds to take iron supplements during their maternal quality which resulted in deficient amount of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 during their pregnancy (5). In the study done in Tanzania, researchers found that 82.6% of the women studied had anemia where about 29% ate soil on a regular bases (7). Those that consumed soil were 75% more(prenominal) likely to have severe anemia when compared to those that didnt (7). Women that showed signs of iron deficiency (such as a decrease number of hemoglobin) were also more likely to consume pica substances (7). There was no correlation between HIV and geophagy, and women that had malaria did not consume soil which could be a result of soil containing traces of iron which makes the conditions of malaria worse (7). The amount of Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm) found in the pregnant women was much higher in those who practiced geophagy (7). Geophagy became more prevalent as the pregnancy progressed (7). This could be the bodys response of supplying more iron to form more hemoglobin (7).Another purposed surmisal is that when an individual practices in consuming non-food related items this can result in anemia (1). This hypothesis states that the intake of non-nutritional elements does not result in a positive result or a decrease in this deficiency (1). The mechanism female genitalia this phenomenon is found to be caused by tissue enzyme deficiency and this includes Fe and Zn deficiencies which play a mathematical function in appetite regulating drumhead enzymes (1).In one study, three subjects were tested that exhibited different types of pica (4). One subjected consumed at least two super-sized McDonald soda cups filled with ice a day which resulted in heavy bleeding during her menstrual cycle (4). Another subject would drink iced water three to four times a day which resulted in the formation of colonic polyps which caused bleeding (4). The third and closing subject would chew on rubber bands with a specific coloring and diameter (4). All three of the individuals were mentally stable, and had no history of mental ailments (4). After treated with iron supplementation, one subject was able to disclose their pica condition while the other two were still undergoing discourse (4).It has been suggested that the reason why individuals that have developed pica eat ice in an abnormal amount is because glossal pain on the tongue can develop because of iron deficiency, and the ice actually soothes the pain (4). It has also been suggested that stress that is formed in the upper gastrointestinal tract (such as pyrosis or nausea) brings on the urge of consuming pica elements (1). This is because some pica elements contain high traces of alkaline which can act a suppresser and tighten the gastric pH in the gastrointestinal organs which would reduce the pain induced by heartburn or nausea (1). This however does not take into account for the individual that chewed on rubber bands (4).In another case report, a 22-year old African woman was diagnosed to have severe anemia (6). The woman had complained of immense fatigue, and it was found that she had been consuming a stone that was high in kaolinite and quartz for the past 15 long time (5). After removing traces of the stone in her body and providing iron supplements, the woman was able to recover from her sever anemia, and a check up 3 months later(prenominal) showed a satisfactory blood count and stable iron levels (6). A possible reason to why this stone made the woman develop severe anemia is because of the high levels of kaolinite found in the stone (6). Kaolinite is a compo und that is able to absorb concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe 3+ in the duodenum, which is where iron is absorbed by the body (6). This could have caused her to develop a deficiency in iron which could have led to her having severe anemia (6).In many cases of pica, iron deficiency or anemic properties are generate in the individual (1). There have been positive results that show blood that have developed iron deficiency and have engaged in pica activity have shown improvement in their iron deficiency (1). However, sodium is the only known nutrient that is craved in humans, and some data shows that most pica substances have little to no iron in them except for soil, which the iron content of is less known although some acid base tests have been taken which resulted in some pica substances containing nutritional elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca (1). These tests however do not take into account the pH of the intestine, and the site of these nutritional elements such as Fe (1). Overall this hypothesis is an intriguing one, but does not have any current data that suggests that consuming pica elements actually attend elevate iron deficiency or other nutritional deficiencies (1)Pica used as protection against pathogens and toxinsA recent hypothesis that has come up in the scientific community is that pica substances are consumed to protect against harmful chemicals and pathogens (1). Clay is shown to exhibit toxin-binding properties, and kaolin (found in some clay) is an fighting(a) ingredient found in some anti-diarrhea medications (3).These toxins can come from plants, which throw toxins as a protective measure against predators (1). These toxins can cause dizziness, tendon pains, and other unwanted side effects (1). Other chemicals can enter food via bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (1). Viruses and parasites can also enter the body and cause damage (1). In a study done with rats, the rats were injected with a chemotherapy agent (cis platin), and then tending(p) doses of kaolin (3). The rats that were given kaolin showed less acute symptoms then the rats that were injected with cisplatin which exhibited a decrease in appetite, and weight loss (3). Kaolin could have played a role in decreasing the anxiety felt by the rats, and possibly sped up the recovery process (3). The mechanism on how clay and kaolin exercise on the body is still a mystery, and does not solidify the hypothesis that pica substances play a role in elevating pain from toxins or other chemicals (3).ConclusionAlthough pica disorder has been known since the time of Hippocrates, it is still a mystery to many researchers (1). The next step to further the knowledge about pica is to take a multidisciplinary approach, and to shift the idea of pica just being a mental ailment to pica also playing a physiological role in individuals (8). It is not to the full understood to whether pica plays a role in the onset of anemic properties or if pica is a si de effect of anemia (8). There is also the possibility that pica can contribute to the prevention or relief of toxins and pathogens from entering the blood stream (1). Although pica is not fully understood, it still must be taken seriously, as the effects are still not fully understood and could result in many complications that can lead to suffering for individuals that experience pica symptoms (1).